LIFE VARNA PAŠA

Project Title: Supporting Rural Communities in Slovenia to Reduce Conflicts with Bears and Wolves through Institutional Collaboration, Policy, and Education

Acronym: LIFE VARNA PAŠA

Reference: LIFE22-NAT-SI-LIFE VARNA PASA

Project Time Frame: 01.01.2024 – 31.12.2029 (72 months)

Total Project Budget: 4.991.613,75 €

EU Financial Contribution: 3.743.710,31 €

Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning Financial Contribution: 998.322,75 €

Project partners

The main goal of the LIFE VARNA PAŠA project is to improve acceptance and coexistence between humans, wolves, and brown bears, thus ensuring the long-term persistence of both large carnivore species in the human-dominated landscape of Slovenia. The project tackles this problem by focusing on mitigating conflict that arises from wolf and bear attacks on livestock and other human property.

The LIFE VARNA PAŠA project is based on three distinct but interconnected work packages that ensure a holistic problem-solving approach by incorporating work on different scales, from governmental decision-making institutions to end users. The project focuses on one country – Slovenia. Working within one country enables us to address the environmental, cultural, political, and socio-economic conditions specific to Slovenia.

The diverse consortium of seven partners from the forestry, agricultural, and academic sector takes a systemic approach to developing a state-of-the-art livestock protection scheme, to integrate the solutions into the new Rural Development Programme after 2027. To achieve this goal, project partners work closely with a diverse body of stakeholders from governmental institutions to NGOs spanning the whole spectrum of professionals, farmers, and the general public involved in the large carnivore conservation discourse.

Furthermore, the project recognizes the important role of education in long-term knowledge transfer and as an investment in future generations of stakeholders. That is why special attention is put on work with farms, vocational schools, and universities. In cooperation with which we are developing different educational modules and integrating them into regular curricula to ensure the long-term transfer of conflict mitigation and livestock protection knowledge.

Despite Slovenia’s remarkable forest cover, there are no large forest complexes that provide “independent” habitat for large carnivores, so interactions with them are inevitable. The intertwining of nature and cultural landscapes makes it imperative that the management of large carnivores and agricultural landscapes go hand in hand.

In recent years, large carnivores have been appearing in areas where they have been absent for decades, such as the Alpine region. The re-emergence of new predators has raised several questions for local communities, especially livestock farmers.

Although various institutions in Slovenia are working towards tolerant coexistence with large carnivores, their actions are not yet fully coordinated. To find an effective mechanism to help farmers, it is essential to harmonize the approaches of the key institutions responsible in this area.

Inadequate, uncoordinated, and financially deficient agricultural and environmental conflict prevention measures at national and regional levels also contribute to difficult coexistence. Existing measures to support farmers are very general and do not contain the specificities needed to protect animals in mountain pastures and to protect cattle. Large carnivores have been absent from the Alps for almost a century, so the return of wolves and bears to the area today makes it necessary to adapt grazing once again, including the return of the traditional method of grazing with the presence of a shepherd, or the use of newer methods of protecting grazing animals, such as the use of livestock guarding  dogs and high electric nettings for night-time confinement.

In addition to the adaptation of measures to co-finance additional work for livestock farmers and beekeepers in bear and wolf areas, establishing a support system for the co-financing of protection measures at the national level is crucial. The long-term coexistence with large carnivores is also hampered by highly polarized views among key stakeholders and the lack of content on human-wolf-brown bear conflicts in formal and non-formal education. By systematically introducing content into mainstream education and facilitating the exchange of practical experience, we aim to achieve the core objective of the project – to improve coexistence and contribute to the long-term conservation of wolves and bears, as well as agriculture.

Main objectives:

• To improve acceptance and coexistence between people, wolves, and brown bears in Slovenia by applying protective measures to reduce conflicts.

Other objectives:

• To ensure the long-term conservation of wolves and brown bears, as well as agriculture in Slovenia;
• To reduce conflicts between people and large carnivores;
• Build on existing protection measures and develop new approaches to protect large grazing animals and mountain grazing;
• Incorporate updated and new solutions for the protection of grazing animals in the new Common Agricultural Policy;
• Develop training modules in cooperation with farms, education centers, and universities to transfer knowledge between practice and education and to regulate the acquisition of these skills in the framework of regular education.

The project area includes the larger territory of the Republic of Slovenia, however with a potential impact on the whole territory. The Alpine part of the project area covers parts of the Julian and Kamnik-Savinja Alps, Prealpine area, and the Karavanke. It is the most south-eastern part of the Alps that makes the connection with the Dinaric Mountains. The Dinaric part of the project area covers the entire Dinaric region of Slovenia. The main land use in the project area is forestry (approx. 70 % of land use) while the other uses are agriculture, tourism and recreation.

LIFE is the EU’s financial instrument that supports environmental, nature conservation and climate action across the EU. It supports projects that contribute to the implementation of the EU Birds and Habitats Directives, the Natura 2000 network and that contribute to the EU’s objective of preventing biodiversity loss.

LIFE started in 1992 and has co-financed more than 1800 projects in the field of nature conservation. The programme is divided into four priority themes:

• Nature and Biodiversity
• Circular economy and quality of life
• Climate change mitigation and adaptation
• Clean energy transition

The project LIFE VARNA PAŠA falls under the LIFE Nature and Biodiversity theme.

For more information please visit:

LIFE European Commission

LIFE Slovenia

Useful material:

• A Field guide for Investigating Damages Caused by Carnivores (Černe et. al. 2019)
• Livestock guarding dogs – The LIFE DINALP BEAR project handbook (Berce et al. 2019)
• Medved kot modelni organizem za pouk biologije – Priročnik za učitelje. (Oražem et al. 2017)
• A Guidebook to Human-Carnivore Conflict (Wilson. 2016)

EU Platform on Coexistence between People and Large Carnivores

Projects:

• LIFE DINALP BEAR
• LIFE Wild Wolf
• LIFE WOLFALPS EU
• LIFE Lynx
• Interreg LECA
• Interreg Europe CIBioGo
• LIFEstockProtect

Institutions:

• Large Carnivores – European Commission website
• Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Group)
• Dinaricum – Society for conservation, research and sustainable development of the Dinaric ecosystems

Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning is responsible for the management of the natural environment, water resources and physical space in Slovenia. It promotes and coordinates efforts towards sustainable development based on the efficient and economical use of natural resources and ensuring social wellbeing. The Ministry strives to raise the awareness of the inhabitants of the Republic of Slovenia about the shared responsibility for the preservation of natural resources and the management of the physical space.

The work package is dedicated to the coordination of the project. The lead partner and project partners are responsible for the implementation of project activities and administrative procedures

Effective coordination is crucial for the successful implementation of a project with a large number of partners. This work package is dedicated to project coordination, with the lead partner ensuring the efficient implementation of project activities and administrative procedures.

Brown bears and grey wolves are protected species and therefore are granted special status and management from both European and national legislations. Their status influences management actions that are carried out by different sectors and institutions involved in the field of nature conservation and agricultural practices. Additionally, large carnivores can impact human activities, particularly in rural agricultural communities. All of the various interactions between people and large carnivores are complex and require a more coordinated, integrated, and consistent approach to improve coexistence.

The lack of cross-sectoral communication and cooperation can result in an increase in conflicts in local communities. A coordinated approach to delivering joint activities is therefore the best way to find long-term solutions to mitigate conflicts. The tasks in this workpackage are designed to address these issues through robust cooperation and partnership building among institutions from different sectors which are directly or indirectly involved in the management of wolves and bears.

General objectives are (1) to establish cross-sectoral cooperation to improve the damage prevention and conflict mitigation network and (2) to improve the knowledge and credibility of damage assesment  officials of the Slovenia Forest Service.

The lack of cross-sectoral communication and cooperation among different institutions and stakeholders negatively impacts the management challenges of large carnivore coexistence and compromises the nature-conservation condition of two Natura 2000 priority species (wolf and brown bear).

To minimize the threat of wolf and brown bear unacceptance by local communities due to different and inconsistent approaches and solutions by key responsible institutions in the field of conflict prevention and coexistence, the following activities will be implemented:

• Establishment of a cross-sectoral advisory committee and organization of topic-based meetings;
• Preparation of a working plan of damage prevention activities;

Organization of two thematic conferences about conflict mitigation measures.

Strategically targeted communication of project activities with stakeholders and the general public is crucial for developing a transparent, factual, and balanced approach for helping the public understand the complexities of human-carnivore coexistence.

Every year, conflict situations arise due to the occurrence of repeated damage events or in case of bears visiting human settlements. In such cases, without a proper response of the authorities, the media inevitably spreads unverified and one-sided news, generating a greater response from stakeholders involved.

To develop a coordinated and consistent communication framework across institutions, the following activities will be implemented:

• Prepare a cross-sectoral conflict mitigation and communication protocol;
• Prepare the agreement for long-term (after LIFE) continuation of roles and responsibilities of each organization regarding the conflict mitigation  and communication protocol implementation.

The damage assessment process is a crucial step in the conflict mitigation process. In Slovenia, damage assessment officials of the Slovenia Forest Service (SFS) are responsible for the assessment of damages caused by protected species (e.g., bear and wolf), and hunters are responsible for the evaluation of damages caused by game species. Besides, SFS damage assessment officials perform regular controls of the correct use of damage prevention equipment adopted by farmers and beekeepers.

Through involvement of different institutions, we will revise and improve the damage assessment process on several levels, including implementing exhaustive courses for SFS damage assessment officials based on newly-developed educational programme; establishing an educational course for new SFS damage assessment officials; organising an advanced course on damage case forensics of large carnivores for improving the expertise in identifying the culprit of the damage event; intensifying controlling process aiming towards maximising the effective use of prevention measures; upgrading the software for digitalising damage events; organising seminars and producing a handbook about damage compensation system for hunters.

Large carnivores are appearing in areas where they have not been regularly present for decades. The presence of big predators has raised several questions among local communities, especially among livestock breeders. The existing range of preventive measures under the CAP or other support from national co-financing schemes is not always suitable for the more demanding Alpine pasture areas. New preventive solutions need to be implemented with a rational and experience-based approach. A wider network of experts will work closely with stakeholders in the field to improve the acceptability of damage prevention measures as one approach to conflict resolution.

The main objective of LIFE VARNA PAŠA is to influence national policy change. In order to increase the acceptability of the measures, all measures will be developed (or adapted) in close cooperation with farmers, agricultural advisors, damage assesment officials of the Slovenia Forest Service, regional parks, and local communities, including municipalities. The main objective is to refine, adapt, and introduce viable solutions for the measures to be included in the new agricultural policy scheme. To effectively transfer the practices to new areas, a network of good practice farms will be set up to act as training points for peer exchange and dissemination of practices to other farmers as well as to other key stakeholders such as teachers, experts, and the general public through various events.

Large carnivores are spreading towards the Alps, appearing in areas where they have not been regularly present for decades. The regular presence of new predators has raised a number of questions among local communities, in particular livestock farmers. In Task 3.1, we will work with two grazing communities to implement grazing with the presence of a shepherd in order to protect grazing animals from large carnivores. The establishment of this protective measure will include establishing living conditions for a shepherd, assistance in finding the shepherd, co-financing of the shepherd’s salary, setting up a night enclosure, equipping the night enclosure with automatic cameras and equipping sheeps with GPS collars. A training programme for shepherds and a grazing protocol will also be made. Open door days for different stakeholders will be organised for promotion of shepherd resettlement. We will assess factors affecting implementation of  this measure in the Slovenian Alps, which will be implemented in the Common Agricultural Policy after 2027.

A renewed CAP measure will be introduced to support farmers in the use of herding dogs to protect their herds. The cornerstone of the renewal will be to support a network of dog users to increase the number of active working dogs and dog breeders in Slovenia. A register of active herding dogs will be set up and at least 20 puppies and at least 3 adult herding dogs will be distributed during the project, bred by experienced breeders.

Support and expert advice will be provided to new owners and a protocol will be developed to assess the dogs’ behavior and suitability for livestock guarding. In addition, guidelines for appropriate pasture management will be developed and presented at training seminars and in the field. Specific warning signs and educational boards will be installed in pastures with a high number of walking routes for advisory and educational purposes. A renovated CAP measures to support LGD use in Slovenia will be developed and adapted, following the recommendations of experienced dog breeders and users.

We will adapt and adjust measure for the use of high electric nettings to achieve reduction of damages caused by wolves and bears and, consequently, ensure their coexistence with local communities. We will analyze the effectiveness of the implemented high electric nettings in Slovenia for the last 15 years and then prepare a research article on their effectiveness, which will be published in a scientific journal as an open-access research article in order to share these results with the global research and expert communities for the replicability and benefit of similar programs elsewhere. We will design a standardized protocol for systematic measuring and reporting of the success of the implemented damage prevention interventions in LIFE projects. We will also test different innovative solutions to improve the existing practices in order to ease the farmers’ work and monitoring systems and build a stronger network of entities working in the field of damage prevention through involving different stakeholders, agricultural advisors, and regional communities. Adjusted RDP measure for the use of high electric nettings will be implemented in the Common Agricultural Policy after 2027.

The increasing predation on large livestock, especially cattle, will lead to the development of a new CAP Strategic Plan measure focusing on the protection of larger grazing animals and different herd management, with an emphasis on reducing damage to younger categories of animals. We will test different ways of preventing damage through cooperation between cattle farmers and experts, including the installation of electric nettings  and adapted timing of calving. We will carry out activities on at least six farms where we will test specific approaches to protect vulnerable animals. We will organize a field trip abroad with the aim of gaining additional knowledge and exploring innovative approaches.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Economic Development will be responsible for integrating the results aimed at the protection of cattle and other large grazing animals into the interventions of the Strategic Plan. Specifically, this will be the creation of a new measure, which was not part of the previous schemes, aimed at combating the increasing number of predator attacks. A manual for cattle farmers will also be produced detailing technical advice on how to protect against predators such as wolves and bears. The manual will be prepared with the participation of various experts and institutions and we will aim at both farmers and professionals in the field.

We will produce posters and leaflets and place them at ten key locations to raise public awareness on accepted behaviour in grazing areas. The information materials will warn walkers, cyclists and tourists of the dangers of encountering wildlife, whether large carnivores or livestock such as bulls, rams, billy goats or mares with foals. We will establish a collaboration with tourist information centers and the Alpine Association of Slovenia to reach a wide audience, including the production of a special leaflet presenting risks on pastures.

Under section 3.5, various activities are being implemented to prevent damage to apiaries and beehives caused by brown bears. To enhance the protection of apiaries, we will introduce several key measures:

• Enhancement of existing measures: The national “bear-alert” system will be integrated into the agricultural land-use display (GERK) and the Central Register of Apiaries, making it accessible to beekeepers;
• Equipment rental system: A system for renting damage prevention equipment, including electric nettings, will be established to improve the safety of apiaries;
• Upgrading educational apiaries: Existing educational apiaries will be updated to demonstrate various protection methods;
• Testing new protective methods: New approaches for more effective protection of apiaries will be introduced and tested.

Based on the outcomes of these activities, recommendations for enhancing current protective measures under the national co-financing scheme of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning (MNVP) will be prepared. Additionally, an analysis of all past and ongoing efforts to prevent damage to apiaries in Slovenia will be conducted and published as a research article.

Integration process of developed measures into the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and other national policies

Based on the different studies, analyses, and pilot tests performed in T.3.1 to T.3.5, we will adjust inappropriate current damage protection measures and develop new significantly needed damage protection measures. To integrate these measures into policy, the following activities will be performed:

• A critical review of all MKGP measures affecting agriculture in areas of large carnivore presence;
• Participate in a process of inclusion of developed measures into new CAP after 2027;
• Participate in an integration process of LGDs purchase support in MNVP co-financing scheme.

In the LIFE VARNA PAŠA project, we will try to transfer the measures created for the national level to the regional level and create the so-called Municipality of good practices. It will be designed through 5 main tasks.

First, we will critically evaluate the existing Municipal Spatial Plan (OPN) and, through an external contractor, prepare the technical basis for a new one, which will contain guidelines important from the point of view of agriculture, tourism and nature conservation, and acknowledging the presence of large carnivores. With appropriate planning of land use, there will be less fragmentation of the living space of large carnivores and, consequently, fewer conflict events.

We will pay additional attention to agricultural buildings, which are increasingly appearing in the open landscape due to changed agricultural practices. With the selected external contractor, we will design some standardized facilities for agricultural use, which will then represent typical facilities for placement in the future. Improperly designed and/or located objects can be the reason for conflicts with large carnivores. Additionally, we will address the aesthetic nature of the facilities as well.

The second approach will be the revision of the Rules on preserving and promoting the development of agriculture and rural areas in the Municipality of Pivka, in which we will also include investment measures to protect property from attacks by large carnivores. This includes equipment for the protection of grazing animals, both cattle and small livestock, and a financial incentive for the purchase of a purebred livestock guarding dog to protect the herd. Since the measures will be tied to the municipal regulations, we will also ensure the sustainability of the project activities, as they will be accessible to farmers even after the end of the project.

As a way of strengthening the presence and active cooperation with stakeholders on the ground, the Municipality will establish a loan system for intervention preventive equipment to protect property against attacks by large carnivores. Farmers and beekeepers who, for various reasons, want to additionally protect beehives or grazing animals from a potential attack by large carnivores will be entitled to it.

In addition to nettings, livestock guarding dogs also protect many grazing animals in the municipality. Between livestock guarding dogs and other users of the space, especially cyclists, hikers, walkers or visitors in general, conflict situations may arise. As a preventive measure and to mitigate the aforementioned situations, we will additionally strengthen pasture nettings in specially selected locations.

The last activity of this section is dedicated to organizing visits and guiding visitors in the area of the municipality. In the past years, many visits of large carnivores, especially bears, have been noticed at tourist spots or near villages. In order to alleviate potential conflict situations, we will set up bear proof waste bins. These will prevent the animals’ access to the waste and thus discourage them from returning to the same location. We will also equip selected points with information boards that will explain to visitors how they should behave in the area of ​​the bear, especially as regards the disposal of waste.

Active promotion of prevention measures by establishing a network of best practice farms

The development and implementation of the CAP measures and other national co-financing support is the first and fundamental step towards the implementation of appropriate solutions preventing human conflicts with wolves and bears.

These solutions must be widely accepted and implemented in the most problematic areas. Promoting the preventive measures is very important for implementation, therefore the following activities will be performed within this task:

• Establish a best practice farms network and organize experience exchanges for farm owners;
• Organize three contests for best damage prevention practitioner of the year;
• Perform events on farms (10 open door events and 10 field visits for stakeholders).

The conservation of bears and wolves in Slovenia and its neighboring countries, largely depends on human acceptance. The overlap of large carnivore habitats within cultural landscapes often results in conflict and encounters between people and bears. Consequently, the conflicts often lead to disagreements among different interest groups, and within the groups themselves.

Attitudes towards large carnivores often reflect a general conflict between rural and urban values. To be fully effective, conservation and management of large carnivores should be based on positive public attitudes, especially from local people who live with wolves and bears on a daily basis.

A general lack of knowledge about large carnivores and a poor understanding of the nature and complexity of conflicts often results in low tolerance of the species. The complexity and diversity of perceptions of the topic should therefore be recognized and considered in communication and educational activities, focusing mainly on vocational schools that train professionals in agricultural, nature conservation and forestry field, who are key stakeholders and opinion leaders in the future protection of large carnivores. Developing a shared understanding of the importance of large carnivore management and conservation across stakeholders is a long-term process that involves constructive discourse, education, and ultimately cooperation to find common goals.

The activities in WP4 are designed to address these issues through active stakeholder involvement, knowledge and experience-based education.

Wolves and brown bears are often seen as symbols of wider societal conflicts, such as the clash between urban and rural values and the struggle between different stakeholders in wildlife decision making, therefore the tolerance for both species is constantly being challenged. Both species are charismatic and evoke strong emotions in people, both positive and negative. Views and beliefs are particularly strongly linked to the individual’s social environment. For example, there are often significant differences between rural and urban populations, and especially between members of different interest groups. The most polarized opinions are between livestock farmers and conservation NGOs. These conflicting values, manifested in the urban-rural divide, hinder many attempts to build consensus on the long-term conservation and management of large carnivores. In order to reconcile extreme views and build long-term cooperation between key stakeholders, a ‘Help a farmer’ volunteer network is being established, where farmers and conservationists will work together in the field and share their first-hand experiences.

Because of their frequent interactions with large carnivores, livestock breeders often shape rural people’s views of wolves and brown bears. To prevent losses of grazing livestock and to help increase the knowledge and importance of both, agricultural and large carnivore conservation, livestock breeders must first be equipped with sufficient knowledge. As farms are increasingly involved in other activities such as education and tourism, we believe that they are an important source of information and practical knowledge transfer to a wider audience. To increase the capacity of farms, and to pass on knowledge needed for coexistence, we will develop an educational module that will be directly applicable to farmers working with tourists and schools.

Outdoor education activities, such as forest education, often approach large carnivores only from a forestry and biological perspective, but do not cover all aspects of coexistence, such as the ecological and socio-economic context of conflicts. To address human-large carnivore coexistence more comprehensively, we will include topics on the nature of conflicts and preventive measures. The Slovenian Forest Service covers a large area and has great potential to transfer new knowledge to younger generations, local people and other outdoor educators. In order to increase the level of knowledge on conflict prevention among educators, an outdoor education module will be prepared to serve as a pilot approach to any environmental issue presented. In addition, the topic will be promoted through the expanded exhibition of the DINA Center.

To ensure the long-term sustainability of relevant skills and the development of positive attitudes, it is essential to work with educational institutions. As the conservation of wolves and bears requires a holistic and multidisciplinary approach, students enrolled in secondary vocational education (e.g., agricultural, forestry and nature conservation technician) must be adequately trained before entering the profession. In the long term, their professions will be the main stakeholders in the coexistence of large carnivores.  Therefore, working with the younger generation is very important, as their views are less fixed. It is also necessary to be aware of the scope of their knowledge and skills and involve them in learning to predict their after-study behaviour.

To reach more generations of students, we will focus on teacher training. For this reason, three different contextual training modules will be developed. Teachers of each vocational programme will then be trained separately. In addition, they will be evaluated as they pass on the newly acquired knowledge to their students. To ensure the long-term benefits of the activities, the prepared training modules will be integrated into the regular formal learning programmes already in use during the project.

WP5 is dedicated to the project communication activities, which are designed to ensure that the information gathered within the project is communicated as effectively and coherently as possible to the public and to our key stakeholders (breeders, beekeepers, farmers, foresters, hunters and local inhabitants). This work package is divided into seven groups of communication tasks.

The project communication strategy is an internal document that will help the project partners to effectively reach their audience and achieve the project’s communication objectives. The strategy will define the framework and guidelines for consistent and effective communication with various stakeholders throughout the lifetime of the project.

To ensure project’s visibility, an integrated graphic design of the project has been prepared, including the project logo and the appearance of the basic documents and promotional materials.

To inform and raise awareness among the local public, we will publish articles in local magazines and present the topic at various events. Through a number of events and activities, we will inform interested stakeholders about our project, in particular about possible solutions for effective coexistence with large carnivores.

We will present the project activities and information on LIFE programme and Natura 2000 sites to the public through lectures, project website, Facebook and YouTube Channel. We will also keep the press regularly informed (through press conferences, field visits, etc.) and take action in case of misinformation.

The project activities will be presented through videos and animated clips, which will be available on the project’s YouTube and Facebook channels. In the videos, we will mainly present the work of farmers, breeders, beekeepers who use various protective measures to prevent large carnivore damages.

To further raise awareness about possible solutions for coexistence with wolves and bears and in general about the project activities, we will also carry out an intensive communication campaign to present best practices for preventing damages by large carnivores. The main role will be played by livestock breeders who are already successfully protecting their animals and will thus present their first-hand experience.

Various materials will be produced to promote the visibility of the project and the work of key project stakeholders.

We will connect with other similar projects and organizations to share knowledge and experiences in the field of finding solutions for coexistence with wolves and bears.

More about Volunteering – Help a farmer:

• 4.1 Volunteering – Help a farmer

More about Collaboration with schools:

• 4.2 Practice-based educational program and RDP system
• 4.3 Forest pedagogy
• 4.4 Integration of large carnivore topics into the school curriculum

More about Grazing animals damage protection:

• 3.1 Shepherds 
• 3.2 Livestock guarding dogs
• 3.3 High electrict fences
• 3.4 Large grazing animals damage protection
• 3.5 Beehive damage prevention
• 3.7 Best practice municipality

More about Policies – national and other:

• 3.6 Common agricultural policy (cap) and other national policies

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.

You may find more about safe grazing and large carnivores in the News.